Kwangoko kwiminyaka engama-700 ngaphambi kokuba iSweden ikhuphe imali yokuqala yamaphepha yaseYurophu ngo-1661, iChina yayiqale ukufunda ngendlela yokunciphisa umthwalo wabantu abaphethe iingqekembe zobhedu. Ezi ngqekembe zenza ubomi bube nzima: bunzima kwaye benza ukuhamba kube yingozi. Emva kwexesha, abathengisi bagqiba kwelokuba bafake ezi mali zemali kunye kwaye bakhuphe izatifikethi zamaphepha ngokusekwe kwixabiso lezo ngqekembe.
Ukukhutshwa kwangasese kwabangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokuhla kwexabiso lemali: urhulumente walandela kwaye wakhupha eyakhe imali engamaphepha exhaswa ngoovimba begolide, eyenza ithenda yokuqala esemthethweni emhlabeni.
Kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, amazwe aqale ukwamkela "umgangatho wegolide", besebenzisa izinto ezifana negolide kunye nesilivere ukwenza iimali zemali zobunzima obuthile. Kwaye limele ixabiso elithile de ingqekembe yaphazanyiswa, ekhokelela ekunyukeni kweemali ezimeleyo.
Iibhanki zikhupha "iibhondi zegolide", Oko kukuthi, imali engamaphepha enexabiso lobuso le-US $ 50 inokutshintshwa nge-US $ 50 ngegolide.
Ngo-1944, inkqubo ye-Bretton Woods yagqiba kwelokuba amazwe angama-44 ayezimase le ntlanganiso azakugcina iimali zawo zixhonywe kwidola yaseMelika kuba idola yaseMelika ixhaswe ligolide. Oku kuthetha ukuba idola yaseMelika inokuguqulwa igolide nanini na.
Oku kuthetha ukuba idola yaseMelika inokuguqulwa igolide nanini na.
Iziphumo zilungile, kodwa ixesha alikho lide. Ukukhula kwetyala loluntu, ukunyuka kwemali, kunye nokukhula okungalunganga kwintlawulo kuthetha ukuba idola laseMelika liphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu. Ukuphendula, amanye amazwe aseYurophu ade arhoxa kwinkqubo kwaye atshintshisa ngeedola zaseMelika ngegolide. Ngelo xesha, oovimba babo babequlathe ngaphezulu kweedola kunegolide.
Ngo-1971, owayesakuba nguMongameli wase-US uRichard Nixon wavala ifestile yegolide wayitshintsha le meko. Oorhulumente bamanye amazwe baneedola ezininzi, kwaye iUnited States ithambekele kunqongophala kwegolide. Kunye nabanye abacebisi abali-15, babhengeza isicwangciso esitsha soqoqosho sokuphepha ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukunciphisa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi, kunye nokuguqula iidola zaseMelika ziziniki mthendeleko ezisemthethweni, exhomekeke ikakhulu kwimvume yabasebenzisi bemali endaweni yorhwebo kunye nemigangatho.
Ke ngoko, ithemba kukuba onke amaqela aya kuyamkela na imali yakho, esekwe ngokupheleleyo kwinkolo.
Kukwanjalo ngeBitcoin, le mali yedijithali ibethe irekhodi eliphezulu le- $ 19,783.06. Yintoni enika ixabiso leBitcoin? Ibango lokuba kufezekiswa ngokubonelela kunye nemfuno kubonakala ngathi ayijonganga nazo zonke iimeko. Ayinasiseko kwaye ayilawulwa nangubani na.
Ubuncinci, unokuxhomekeka kwiarhente yolawulo lwezomthetho ukugcina ixabiso lemali.
I-Bitcoin ineempawu zemali esemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwembono yolawulo, akukho mntu "ungumnini" weBitcoin. Kubonakala ngathi isebenza ngendlela efanayo nemali ye-fiat, kodwa imeko-bume eyahlukeneyo yenza ezoqoqosho kunye neengcali zezezimali zicinga: ngubani obeka ixabiso layo?

Oko ubona zi-5 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi kwiBitcoin. I-Bitcoin ekuqaleni yayingamawaka ambalwa kuphela emigca yekhowudi, ephuhliswe nguSatoshi Nakamoto ngo-2008 kwaye yakhutshwa ekuqaleni kuka-2009. Kwiphepha elimhlophe elidumileyo elithi "I-Bitcoin: Inkqubo yoThengi-yoontanga ye-Elektroniki" (i-bitcoin: I-Peer-to-Peer Inkqubo ye-Elektroniki yeMali), umxholo weBitcoin ucacisiwe.
Umbono wakhe wantlandlolo yayikukudala uhlobo lwemali olungadingi kudlula kumaziko emali kuba ibhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo.
Olona tshintsho lukhulu kukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-blockchain. Ibhloko nganye ibonisa intengiselwano kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin-iibhloko ezingaphezulu, ixesha elide ukuthengiselana kuya kuhlala. Ke ngoko, yenza "ikhonkco", yiyo loo nto igama layo.
Ukuze kuveliswe ibhloko, abasebenzi basezimayini kufuneka basebenzise amandla e-computer okuqala kunye nesixa esikhulu sombane ukuqinisekisa ubukho beX kunye neY ixesha lokudlulisa phakathi kuka-A no-B. Xa kuqinisekisiwe, ibhloko iyavela kwaye intengiselwano iyadlula. . Abavukuzi bafumana i-Bitcoin njengomvuzo.
Nangona kunjalo, le mali yedijithali ayinalo ixabiso langaphakathi-ayinakusetyenziswa njengempahla yorhwebo. Abantu abangakholelwayo kwiBitcoin bahlala besithi ukuze iBitcoin isinde, kufuneka kuqala yamkelwe kwaye isetyenziselwe ezinye izinto zorhwebo. Kancinci, ekuhambeni kwexesha, iya kuba yimali. Umzekelo, kuba igolide isetyenziselwa ubucwebe kunye neemveliso ze-elektroniki, abantu bayayiqokelela igolide ukuyigcina ixabiso layo.
Kumsebenzi omkhulu owenziwa sisazi ngezoqoqosho saseOstriya uCarl Menger, waqalisa ukuyichaza imali “njengenyaniso yokuba izinto ezithile zorhwebo ziye zamkelwa ngokubanzi.” Ngokwesiseko sikaMenger, uLudwig von Mises, naye osisazi ngezoqoqosho, uchaza imali yemveliso njengemali “ekwayorhwebo.” Ithenda yomthetho yimali equlathe "izinto ezineemfuno ezizodwa zomthetho".
“… Imali engeyomali xa ithelekiswa nemali, kubandakanya izinto ezinamabanga emfundo akhethekileyo…” -Ludwig von Mises Theory of Money and Credit
Uluvo lwexabiso langaphakathi lungene nzulu ebantwini, kwaye no-Aristotle wakhe wabhala malunga nokuba kutheni imali ifuna ixabiso langaphakathi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, nokuba yeyiphi na imali, ixabiso layo kufuneka livele kuluncedo lwayo. Njengoko imbali ingqina ukuba akukho nto ifuna ixabiso lempahla ukuze ibe yimali, ingxoxo ka-Aristotle ayinakulinganiswa.
Kwiindawo ezithile zaseAfrika nakuMntla Melika, ubuhlalu beglasi busetyenziswa njengemali, nangona zingqineke zingasetyenziswanga kangako njengempahla yorhwebo. Abantu baseYap abakwiPasifiki basebenzisa ilitye lekalika njengemali.
Abantu abangathembekiyo ngeBitcoin bahlala besebenzisa amaxabiso asezantsi okugxeka ukusebenza kweBitcoin. Ngelishwa, i-Bitcoin yinto ebonakalayo yedijithali, ke ikhululekile kumakhamandela ehlabathi lokwenyani. Ayifuni ukuba nexabiso langaphakathi elifana negolide, kwaye ayifuni nokunikwa amalungelo awodwa ngabanye ukuze bayenze ithenda esemthethweni. Nangona oku kunokubonakala ngathi yingcaciso-iBitcoin liziko elitsha kraca elingaxhomekekanga kwimithetho yabantu-kodwa ayinantsingiselo ipheleleyo.
Cinga ngale ndlela: I-Bitcoin kunye ne-fiat currencies zii-ecosystems ezahlukeneyo zezemali.
Imali ye-Fiat yeyelizwe elibonakalayo, elizisa ezinye izithintelo zemali. Amandla ngawabo balawula imali, kwaye ibhanki esembindini inokuhlala iprinta imali eninzi ukukhuthaza ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokusasazwa. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mntu unokukuxelela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zingaphi iidola ezibonakalayo ezihambayo emhlabeni.
Unikezelo lwegolide lilinganiselwe, kodwa luya kuchaphazeleka kukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukuba umntu ufumana isixa esikhulu segolide ngaphandle konikezelo lwangoku, ubunini bunokuxutywa ngokupheleleyo. Izinto ezintsha kwisayensi zinokunciphisa isidingo sokusebenzisa igolide kwinto ye-elektroniki nakwimveliso yabathengi.
Uhlobo lwedijithali lweBitcoin lufuna isiseko esitsha sethiyori. Ooqoqosho kudala bekuqonda ukusikelwa umda kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo kunye neefat currencies. Ke ngoko, ukuqaliswa kweBitcoin kwazala uluhlu lwemithetho emitsha, abathi abantu abaninzi bayibiza ngokuba “sisixokelelwano semali sokuqala”.
Ingxaki kukuba, njengoko i-Bitcoin maximizers ikuxelele, imali esemthethweni kunye ne-cryptocurrency ecosystems ayinakuhlala kunye. Kuba akukho xabiso lwangaphakathi njengesixhobo semali, imveliso yotyalo-mali okanye ukhuseleko, eyona ukubheja kukhulu kukukwenza iBitcoin imali yelizwe jikelele.
Namhlanje, ubonelelo lwemali kwihlabathi liphela (M1) zii-7.6 trillion zeedola zaseMelika. Ukuba ukongeza iidipozithi zokutshekisha, iibhondi zexesha elifutshane, iidipozithi zexesha kunye nezinye izixhobo zemali, ziya kufikelela kwi-90 yezigidi zeedola. Ukuze ibe yimali yelizwe jikelele, iBitcoin kufuneka ibenexabiso elisezantsi lonikezelo lwemali-kodwa oku akunjalo, kuba ixabiso lentengiso leBitcoin li-130 yezigidigidi kuphela zeedola ngexesha lokubhalwa.
Nangona kunjalo, ityala elikhulayo ngokukhawuleza kunye netyala langaphandle linokubangela ukuba abatyali mali baqale ukukhangela isixhobo sokubuyisela kwakhona esilula ukufumana nokutshintsha ngakumbi kunegolide. Oku kunokukhuthaza ukuxabiseka kweBitcoin kuba inexabiso lomsebenzi wevenkile. Ukulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, abantu abaninzi banelisekile ngokubamba iidola, i-euro okanye i-yen kwiipotifoliyo zabo-eArgentina naseVenezuela benza oku, babambe iidola ezizinzileyo.
Oku kungazisa ixabiso elifanelekileyo kuyo: I-Bitcoin inokusetyenziswa njengevenkile yexabiso.
Siyibona njengempahla yexabiso. Ukuba kunjalo, ke iBitcoin yimali echasene nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukulungiselela ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwenethiwekhi, ngalo lonke ixesha ibhloko entsha yenziwe kwi-blockchain, kuya kwenziwa i-bitcoins ezingama-50 ezintsha. Emva kwezikwere ezingama-210,000, umvuzo uya kuncitshiswa (ngoku uyavuza i-12.5 ngesikwere ngasinye, kwaye uya kuncitshiswa ukuya ku-6.25 ngoMeyi 14, 2020). Ukudityaniswa kukunqongophala okungokwemvelo kunye nekepusi yokuhambisa yezigidi ezingama-21 zeBitcoins, akumangalisi ukuba abantu kunye namaziko ezemali angayiphatha iBitcoin njengemali enzima (ekwabizwa ngokuba yimali ekhuselekileyo).
Oku kuthetha ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali wangaphakathi uqhuba amandla okuthenga eBitcoin- kodwa yintoni egqiba ixabiso layo?
Ukuba ujonga kwisikolo esiqhelekileyo soqoqosho, uya kufumanisa ukuba ixabiso leBitcoin limiselwa lixabiso lemveliso yalo. Oku kuthetha izixhobo kunye nombane. Njengoko iBitcoin iqhubeka nokubandezeleka ngenxa yokuhla, inani labasebenzi mgodini liza kuncipha ngokuthe chu ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zemigodi. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho abanye abasebenzi-mgodini abazimisele ukuthengisa i-bitcoin ngelahleko, enokubonisa ukuba umntu uthintela ukunyuka kwe-bitcoin kwixa elizayo: ixabiso alixhomekekanga ngokupheleleyo kwiindleko zemveliso, nangona iyinto ebalulekileyo.
Isikolo se-neoclassical yezoqoqosho sandisile kulethiyori yongeza enye into ephambili: ukubonelela kunye nemfuno. Kuba ukubonelelwa nge-bitcoin kufakiwe, inani leetcoins ezimbiwa ziya kuncipha ekuhambeni kwexesha, ke ibango leebitcoins ezingaphezulu linokunyuka. Imfuno engaphezulu ilingana namaxabiso aphezulu.
Ukuthembela kuphela kwizinto ezifanelekileyo kubonakala ngathi akunakukwazi ukuzoba umfanekiso opheleleyo. Ukuba iindleko zemveliso sesona sizathu siphambili, ixabiso leBitcoin kufuneka lisondele kunikezelo lwemali ebanzi yaseMelika (M3).
Ngaphandle koku, abasebenzi basezimayini basaphulukana nelahleko, ngaphandle kweendleko eziphezulu ze-Bitcoin yezemigodi.
Ukuba ibhalansi yemfuno kunye nonikezelo lubalulekile, ke isilingi sokubonelela ngokucacileyo seBitcoin kufuneka sigqibe ngemfuno ezinzileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-Bitcoin isalungele ukungazinzi kakhulu kwaye inokuwa kwaye inyuke kwangolo suku lunye.
Ukungena kwisikolo sase-Austrian soqoqosho, abaxhasi beBitcoin basithanda esi sikolo kakhulu. Iingcali zezoqoqosho zase-Austrian zikholelwa ukuba ixabiso layo nantoni na limiselwa zizinto ezithile, kubandakanya neendleko zemveliso. Ukubonelela kunye nemfuno kumiselwe kukhetho lomntu. Ke ngoko, inokucacisa ixabiso leBitcoin-ixabiso eliqondwayo kunye nezinto ezizimeleyo zinokubaluleka ngakumbi.
Kuyabonakala ukuba akukho nkcazo icacileyo yokuba kutheni i-cryptocur lwemali (okanye nemali) ixabisekile. Kule meko, ixabiso leBitcoin libonakala liqhutywa ziimodeli zoqoqosho zakudala, iimvakalelo zentengiso kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali wangaphakathi.
Nangona kunjalo, nokuba yeyiphi na ithiyori yoqoqosho eyamkelwa ngabantu, i-cryptocurrency isaza kuzisa uguquko kwezemali. Ukuba inokuvela iye kolunye uhlobo lwemali yehlabathi, i-ecosystem yezemali iya kubhukuqwa (nokuba intle okanye imbi, asazi).
Ekugqibeleni, i-Bitcoin yindawo yokuqalisa yemifuniselo yezemali. Ukusuka kwi-2016 ukuya kwi-2017, itekhnoloji ye-blockchain ikhokelele ekuchumeni kwe-imali yedatha kwaye yazisa umhlaba omtsha we-blockchain innovation. Namhlanje, siya kusebenzisa umxholo wezikhonkwane zeempahla kunye nokugcina iibhanki ukufunda i-cryptocurrensets ezinzileyo ezinokugcina ixabiso ledola elinye.
Endaweni yokuphatha i-Bitcoin njengemali, kungcono ukuyiphatha njengenkqubo yokuhlawula.
Ke ngoko, ixabiso eliyinyani leBitcoin lilele kwinethiwekhi yalo. Abantu abaninzi ababandakanyekayo, bhetele. Ngokusisiseko, oku kuthetha ukuba ixabiso le-Bitcoin lixhomekeke ekubeni ngubani ongumniniyo. Kule mihla, ngokuthandwa kweBitcoin (hayi eyokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, kodwa eyotyalo-mali kunye neyorhwebo), abantu abaninzi nangakumbi banomdla wokuqonda le teknoloji intsha. Oku kuthetha ukuhanjiswa okungaphezulu.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuze i-Bitcoin isebenze ngokwenyani njengoko kulindelwe, kufuneka isuse abasebenzi-mgodini kunye namachibi emigodi ngokutshintshela kwinkqubo yobungqina besibonda (PoS). Inkqubo yobungqina bomsebenzi kaBitcoin yenza intengiselwano ebiza kakhulu-abasebenzi-mgodini bachitha izigidi zeedola ukuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana kweBitcoin kwinethiwekhi ngombane kunye namandla okusombulula ikhompyuter. Ngenkqubo yePoS, iBitcoin iya kuba nexabiso ngenxa yenethiwekhi yayo. Uninzi lwabachaphazelekayo luza kunikezela ngenxalenye yokubamba kwabo ukuvumela uthungelwano ukuba lukhule, ngokwenyusa ukubamba kwabo ngokulinganayo.
Kuzwakala kulula, kodwa uninzi lweetcoins namhlanje zimbiwa ngabavukuzi baseTshayina. Ukuba inokutshintsha (umzekelo) ubonelelo lwemali olubanzi lwaseMelika, kutheni urhulumente wase-US eyamkela imali yelizwe jikelele elawulwa ngabachasi abachasayo abaphezulu?
Ukuba amagunya amakhulu akafuni, kutheni le nto ii-congresses ezincinci zilandela? Injongo yemali yehlabathi inokubonakala ngathi liphupha lombhobho, kodwa ekugqibeleni, nokuba iBitcoin ingasebenza iya kuxhomekeka ekubeni uyiva kubani, njengalapho ifumana khona ixabiso layo.